Amazon Case Syudy

AMAZON. COM Q. 1: A. Investigate Amazon. com utilizing the serious powers and worth chain models. Five serious powers shape destiny of firm According to Porter's Five Forces Model, as I would like to think, rivalry has expanded in general because of the web and web based business. The web and IT has made it conceivable to both spotlight on the top and primary concerns and piece of the pie is extended and costs are cut. Numerous items and administrations exist simply on the web, significant organizations have gone online to effectively increase the physical companies, and the playing field is right to edges of the internet, any place that is Traditional contenders Amazon has solid contenders like web based retailing stores and an enormous number of physical stores(Books, Grocery,Electronics,Video games and so forth). Models : Barnes and Noble, Inc. , Wal-Mart. com USA, LLC (secretly held), Catalog and Mail Order Houses High †As web indexes are turning into the main decision for buyers when shopping on-line e. g. Google. This builds the open doors for different retailers. High †There is an expanding measure of dotcom organizations because of the little capital expected to fire up. Littler specialty offshoot online stores when consolidated make much more rivalry New market contestants Threat of new participants is high when it is simple for new rivalry to enter the market. As the innovation is expanding and encouraging the organizations to an ever increasing extent so it is getting simpler for any business to begin internet retailing tasks. Low †For online set up retailers a solid brand picture creates purchaser trust. Low †Economies of scale †Retailers that have refined innovation and forms and can purchase in mass can offer the most minimal costs. This is a significant upper hand as there is a lot of decision on the web. Low †Strong involvement with the online retail industry gives e-retailers points of interest as far as cost and client dedication. High †Capital prerequisite passage is a low for online businesses’ as cost of rent premises is negligible. Substitute items and administrations High †Physical stores and contact, feel, hear factors. High †Renting items online as opposed to getting them is expanding in notoriety. This is a significant worry for Amazon in their book deals as online retailers, for example, Textbookflix. com and BookRenter. com are giving a lot less expensive alternatives than purchasing. High †The web is a â€Å"Global Market†, customers can substitute any item by buying from organizations abroad where items are less expensive, however of good quality. Low †Catalog/mail request despite the fact that not as famous still a substitute to web based purchasing. Clients/Buyers High †There is a huge assortment of online shops and examination sites to look at best costs. Purchaser power is higher when purchasers have more options. Organizations are compelled to increase the value of their items and administrations to get reliability. Numerous dedication programs incorporate magnificent administrations that clients request on-line. Clients need to take care of their issues and commonly they are more effective on-line than on-telephone. Additionally, we see web sagacious organizations jumping up offering progressively important products and enterprises at lower costs. Presently with the appearance of eBay, numerous individuals are expecting jobs as drop shippers. People can have a flourishing business offering products of bigger organizations without conveying stock. Providers Low †For normalized items that are effectively accessible provider force will be low. High †Specialized items and brands increment exchanging costs for purchasers so the providers have higher force. With Amazon items, for example, the Harry Potter books are select from distributer. High †Online shops making it simpler for distributers/brands to sell legitimately to purchasers without an outsider (e. g. Blackwell’s), providers may not require Amazon. High †If there is a centralization of providers for specific items in the business as opposed to divided. Low †Global delivery has expanded the measure of providers accessible. Worth Chain The worth chain examination attempted looks at the operational adequacy of exercises that empower Amazon. om to perform superior to its rivals. Amazon. com designs its worth chain exercises to make remarkable incentive for clients, diminish its expenses of doing these exercises and lessen the expense of its customers’ exchanges. Bolster ACTIVITIES Firm Infrastructure Huge focal client information stockroom accessible to all specialty units. Focal arranging capacity. Amazon. com has a solitary Technology stage with admin istrations being gradually circulated to other overall areas, subsequently lessening costs by utilizing speculations. Human Resource Management Amazon. om offers representatives extraordinary advantages, for example, clinical, took care of time and stock awards and movement remittances. Such a system implies distribution centers could be situated in monetarily less expensive territories yet these advantages can draw in profoundly talented specialists. For instance in Kentucky, Amazon. com offers a fair pace of pay of about $11 †$12 consequently diminishing expense of work. Amazon. com sources mastery from exceptionally experienced laborers from different contenders, for example, Walmart. Innovation Development High interests in innovation advancement to use new however obscure open doors in computerized deals of music, books and recordings. For instance having the option to rapidly digitize media for direct online deals/download or for â€Å"Search inside the book† administration. Utilizing standard equipment frameworks from HP to diminish cost of support and similarity Building an IT system, IT foundation and Data Center on Linux open source programming in this way lessening cost of innovation advancement. Leasing registering assets to different organizations lessen all out expense of Ownership Procurement Using the Strategic Business Unit †BookSurge to keep a rich stock of advanced duplicates of books to make this promptly accessible for clients through print-on-request and decrease time of conveyance. Uncommonly fabricated appropriation communities, distribution centers and satisfaction focuses to speed up request handling along these lines keeping away from exchange costs. Essential ACTIVITIES Inbound coordinations Highly decreased comes back to providers, (for example, unsold books and media) because of accessible precise anticipating innovation Laseter et al (2000). Effectively assembling data about client encounters to illuminate administration sources of info and stock controls. Tasks Easy and quick installment frameworks Online client contact and input. 24hour stockroom tasks to fulfill client needs. Outbound coordinations Close nearness to motorways e. g. UK Fulfillment Center in Bedfordshire situated close to M1. Capacity to total requests headed for explicit areas. Promoting and Sales Discounts and value decreases made accessible with proposed item blends. Comparable items prescribed to clients intuitively. Intuitive delivery and dividing counts. Free conveyance dependent on single exchange spend. Administration Free returns strategy inside 30 days. Utilizations commercial center to build channel and scope of products through outsiders and clients. Value correlation of new items with utilized items in commercial center shops. B. How has it reacted to pressures from its serious condition? They reacted with a nonstop advancement in business technique and data frameworks. Its business advancements are totally determined by tremendous interests in data frameworks. There were 3,000,000 titles in print, and any one physical book shop could just stock a small amount of them. A â€Å"virtual† book shop offers an a lot bigger choice of titles. Amazon. com had the option to charge lower costs than physical book shops since it kept up almost no of its own stock (depending rather on merchants) and didn't need to pay for keeping up physical customer facing facades or an enormous retail deals staff. Amazon additionally presented Amazon. com Auctions (like those offered by eBay), and zShops (online customer facing facades for little retailers). To support these new product offerings, Amazon altogether extended its stockroom and dispersion capacities and recruited huge quantities of workers. C. How can it offer some incentive to its clients? In 1995, previous venture investor Jeff Bezos made the most of new business openings made by the Internet by setting up a Web website to sell books straightforwardly to clients on the web. Amazon. com gave online summaries, tables of substance, and surveys to help with choice. Amazon attempted to give prevalent client assistance through email and phone client service, mechanized request affirmation, web based following and delivery data, and the capacity to pay for buys with a solitary snap of the mouse utilizing Mastercard and individual data a client had given during a past buy. This was called â€Å"1-Click† express shopping, and it made the shopping experience much progressively helpful. Q. 2: Describe Amazon’s developing business methodology? Amazon has changed its system throughout the previous 13 years. They began from an approach to sell books over the web legitimately to clients, They offered such huge numbers of things with time as : a. An a lot bigger determination and lower costs b. Extraordinary client assistance by means of phone and email c. Customer’s capacity to associate with genuine individuals d. The making of â€Å"1-click† shopping e. In 1998 started selling music and video items They set an objective of being a greatest virtual retail organization. Their extension incorporates lean inventories, low head check, and huge cost investment funds over customary book shops and other retail contenders. Additionally in mid 2000 they brought down costs, gave free transportation, and offered web based business to clients so as to expand benefit. They improved their productivity and turned into a gainful enterprise. Q. 3: Why did the organization change its technique? Amazon continued changing its strate

The history and perceptions of the secession crisis Research Paper

The history and view of the severance emergency - Research Paper Example The contention among Northern and Southern government officials was realized by the enormous western regions procured by the United States in 1848 through the harmony concurrence with Mexico (Bartkus 1999).Southerners appealed to for the opportunity to carry servitude into the recently obtained domains if the conditions permitted rewarding endeavors; Northerners requested subjugation plainly and totally nullified (Reynolds 1970). As expressed by Huston (2000), the question had been brought by David Wilmot up in 1846, yet it possibly agreed in 1850 when the various segments of the Compromise of 1850 were approved in Congress. Following the congressional goals is the discretionary insistence that this understanding was unquestionably agreeable (Crofts 1989). The congressional races in the 1850 prodded Democratic successes of the trade off methods in the North, which were in the long run plainly reconfirmed in the 1852 presidential political race (Wakelyn 1996). The response of the Sout h to the Compromise was disparate. States in the upper South, in particular, Delaware, Missouri, Maryland, Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky, and North Carolina, enthusiastically consented to the activities taken by Congress; in any case, states in the lower South, in particular, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina started a huge scope discussion about withdrawal (Barnwell 1982). In 1850, especially in the gubernatorial and congressional races just as in state shows, the Southern states that consented to the Compromise of 1850 to a great extent succeed ... rther, as indicated by Huston (2000), for various history specialists, the significant concern, and henceforth the center of their advantage, was the severance banter, not the discussion over association, and the basic supposition has been that the cotton-subordinate Southerners invalidated withdrawal as a solution for the speculated Northern invasions on the protected privileges of the South. Few perceive the endeavor of Southern unionists to moderate the withdrawal strife in 1850 (Wakelyn 1996). The Southern States Rights, those supporting either temporary or prompt severance, have increased the greater part of the consideration. The victors of the races in the condition of the Deep South, the Constitutional Unionists or the unionists, have been given next to no accentuation (Wakelyn 1996). It isn't once in a while guaranteed, explicitly by researchers of the nineteenth century, that the champs didn't just appreciate the prizes, they likewise increased a significant part of the his torians’ intrigue (Barnwell 1982), and history is in this way introduced from the angle of the victors. Essentially, rage over the trade off stemmed generally from Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. South Carolina, specifically, was eager to withdraw however requested for the severance of different states too (Coppieters and Sakwa 2003). Representative Whitemarsh Seabrook had been given prompt that different states harbor low decisions of the passionate security and expectations of South Carolina policymakers that if the state chose to act rashly, different states would decline to follow (Wakelyn 1996). George W. Towns, the legislative head of Georgia, mentioned to the state governing body in September 1850 the authorization for an extraordinary political decision to commission agents to a state gathering to offer input on the Compromise systems (Huston 2000). John A. Quitman, the expansionist

Best WordPress Image Optimizer Plugin Top Compression Options

Best WordPress Image Optimizer Plugin Top Compression Options .elementor-19992 .elementor-element.elementor-element-19992{text-align:center}Last Updated on March 17, 2020Images are an essential part of your website but they also contribute to adding to its load time. Most website owners either dont know about the WordPress image optimizer options available to them, or they ignore the fact that images add to the size of their site because they feel that the visual element images add is important for user engagement. This is true of course, but the site’s performance suffers.Thanks to some of the best WordPress image optimizer plugins listed below however, you can get the best of both worlds. You can optimize your images using plugins so that they load up faster and don’t have a negative impact on your site’s performance. Disclosure As an independent review site, we get compensated if you purchase through the referral links or coupon codes on this page â€" at no additional cost to you. Dismiss alert With tons of different WordPress image optimizer plugins out there, it can be difficult to select the perfect one for your needs. This is exactly why we have tested and selected the top WordPress image optimizers out there.We have shortlisted the 15 best WordPress image optimizer plugins that site owners should consider:You might also like: Best WordPress hosting Page optimizer Pro review Table of Contents Here are the best WordPress image optimizer plugins1. WP Rocket (best all in one WordPress optimizer)2. ShortPixel (best WordPress image optimizer plugin overall)3. Optimole (simplest WordPress image optimization)4. Smush Image Compression and Optimization5. EWWW Image Optimizer6. Imagify7. Robin Image Optimizer8. reSmush.it9. Imsanity10. Hammy11. PB Responsive Images12. BJ Lazy Load13. SEO Image Optimizer14. Optimus15. Compress JPEG PNG imagesPrefer a WordPress image optimizer that isn’t a plugin?So what is the best WordPress image optimizer plugin?Here are the best WordPress image optimizer pluginsNow let s take a look to see exactly why these particular plugins are better than the rest, and what areas of WordPress image optimization they excel at in particular.1. WP Rocket (best all in one WordPress optimizer)While not a WordPress image optimizer in the normal sense, WP Rocket tops the list because it is a comprehensive plugin that works to improve the overall performance of your website along with image lazy load and cache.While the plugin isn’t suitable for anyone that wants to resize images (we use it in conjunction with ShortPixel below for this), what it does is offer a lazy load option.With the plugin installed you have a one-click setting so images aren’t loaded until the user scrolls to it. This allows the web page to load images and content that are in the view of the user faster. Join the FREE TrainingDo You Want To Learn How To Build 6 Figures Authority Sites?Join This Free Training To...Finally have a proven method to finding profitable nichesGet access to a foolproo f keyword research methodLearn how to outsource quality contentLearn how to build white hat links to your site without headaches See WP Rocket pricing 2. ShortPixel (best WordPress image optimizer plugin overall)ShortPixel Image Optimizer is considered to be the plugin that compresses images better than all other options. The interface looks a lot like the interface you find on Imagify but with a lot more tabs and options, which some may find to be slightly more complicated. You have the option to select how much you want to optimize your images from a range of Lossy, Glossy, to Lossless.The plugin also has features to optimize PDF and Cloudflare integration and creates the new WebP images that will allow you to really speed up your site and get an SEO edge over your competitors.ShortPixel is free to use for up to 100 image credits a month. If you plan on optimizing more images on it, the plan starts at $4.99 for up to 5,000 image credits in a month. This platform is ideal fo r users that have some prior knowledge about image resizing and optimization and want the most from the process. Find out more 3. Optimole (simplest WordPress image optimization)Optimole is one of the easiest to use image optimization plugins you will come across. It has a simple, clean interface that even new to WordPress users can easily understand. All you have to do is install the plugin and it does most of the work in the background, optimizing the images on your website while showing all of them in your dashboard. It provides you will all the settings for the image from size to compress quality.The best part about this particular plugin is it has an in-depth monitoring system for users. Which shows them exactly what is happening to the images, how much they’ve been compressed, so you know the impact of the optimization. The plugin is free of cost for up to 1 GB worth of images in a month. If you have a website with more images, you can opt for the $29 per month 15 GB plan . Considered to be one of the most comprehensive plugins, this is perfect for any user looking to easily optimize images for their website. 4. Smush Image Compression and OptimizationSmush Image Compression and Optimization features an elegant interface that provides users with all the basic information they would. It gives them the option to choose whether they want to optimize both old and new pictures or pick one from the two. Obviously, since you want to improve your site’s performance, you will opt for both. It also tells you once the optimization is done, how much space you have ended up saving.Smush lets users optimize and resize pictures while also has a bulk optimization option. This lets them optimize up to 50 images at a time for the free plan. Saving them time. When not using the bulk option, there is no limit to how many images you can optimize for free.5. EWWW Image OptimizerEWWW Image Optimizer doesn’t have the easiest of interfaces to work with. Not only does i t seem outdated but it also has numerous tabs with many options for users to go through. But for most users the default settings the plugin comes with will be sufficient so you don’t have to mess with the settings too much.Users have access to optimize an unlimited amount of images with the plugin for free. It offers optimization for not just images but PDF files also. You can select the amount you want to compress for each file so you can have a different compression setting for JPG than you would have for PNG and so on.There is one catch though, the plugin uses your server to do all its process which can put a strain on it if you decide to optimize many files at once. This plugin is perfect for users that want a free platform that lets them optimize images for their website.6. ImagifyAfter Optimole, Imagify is probably one of the simplest plugins on this list. The plugin has a well-categorized module that is easy for use with options such as Settings, Display Options, and Optimi zation. You know exactly what to click to get the information you need without having to go through different menus.The platform presents users with three different settings for image optimization: Normal, Aggressive, and Ultra. Each of which compresses the image more from Normal to Ultra. You have the option of specifying the size such as the width of the images you want so the plugin will automatically resize all images to the specific size.Like Optimole, you get a monthly 1 GB limit for free after which there are plans that start from $4.99 per month. This plugin is ideal for users that want extra compression options with an easy to use interface.7. Robin Image OptimizerRobin Image Optimizer is another popular image optimizer that automatically optimizes images that are uploaded and can reduce the size by up to 80% while maintaining quality.The platform works in the background to optimize any image you upload. The maximum image size you can upload for optimization is 5 MB on the platform. It also allows users with a manual mass optimization option to bulk optimize images on the website.8. reSmush.itreSmush.it lets users optimize images individually and in bulk. The interface can seem a bit complicated but after a single use, it gets easier. The plugin will optimize images automatically and lets you upload them individually or in a group. The only thing is you can upload images that are lower than 5 MB.The plugin doesn’t let you pick a specific compression size, which can be a problem for users that want to be able to see how much more they can optimize an image. But overall, the plugin is great for any user that wants a simple WordPress image optimizer.9. ImsanityImsanity from its icon image may seem freaky but is far from it. This is a simple to use plugin that automatically works to resize images you upload to your WordPress site. As the plugin states, it resizes images to a more “sane” size. It also offers users a bulk resizing option so you can ea sily resize existing pictures on your site pretty much at the same time.The plugin works in the background, all you have to do is ensure the settings are according to your needs and let the plugin do all the work. One unique feature that Imsanity offers it to convert BMP files to JPG, making it easier to scale them down.10. HammyHammy works to take pictures you have posted on your website to resize and optimize them to a smaller size. It makes sure that the images are optimized for both desktop and mobile users alike so both users get the optimal experience when they visit your website.The plugin works for both pages and posts but will not optimize images on custom posts. So if you plan on including many custom posts, you may want to opt for another WordPress image optimizer plugin.11. PB Responsive ImagesPB Responsive Images is slightly unique as it uses a community group as far as resizing goes. The plugin automatically optimizes the picture to that which is proposed in the Respon sive Images Community group.The plugin is slightly more complicated to use so is not recommended for beginners, but it does provide users with enough features to ensure that all the images on their website are optimized for the site to perform well.12. BJ Lazy LoadThe main objective of BJ Lazy Load is to make sites load faster while saving users bandwidth. As the name suggests, it gives you the option of lazy load, putting a placeholder in place of the content while also lazy load selected images.For users that have used Lazy Load, you will find this plugin to be slightly easier as the interface is less complicated but still provides you with more customization options.13. SEO Image OptimizerSEO Optimizer Pro helps to ensure that your images are SEO friendly. While it offers to replace the alt tag and title of images, it also resizes images for posts so they load faster.The plugin has a unique interface that lets users control the size and other elements of the image so they are com pletely optimized for SEO and performance.14. OptimusOptimus can reduce your image file size up to 70% which saves you a lot of space and can drastically improve your site’s load performance, as far as images go. The plugin works in the background as soon as the images are uploaded to the website.The plugin comes with three different options, the free version lets you upload images with a maximum size of 100 KB, which may be small for most pictures today. This means you will have to go with the HQ ($29 a year) or HQ Pro ($149 a year) both of which allow for a maximum image size of 10 MB.15. Compress JPEG PNG images makes it simple for users to optimize images for their website. As soon as you upload an image to your website, the plugin goes to work and optimizes the image so that your website performance doesn’t suffer.You have the option to not just compress but resize the images to a specific size that you want. It also comes with support for WooCommerce, making it easy to re size pictures of products on your e-commerce site.The plugin is free for up to 500 uploads per month after which there is a charge of $.009 per image. This platform is for anyone looking for a tiny and no-nonsense plugin for image optimization.Prefer a WordPress image optimizer that isn’t a plugin?For users that rather not bulk up their WordPress site with a plugin, you have the option of using  ImageOptim.The program can be installed on your computer and gives you the option to manually optimize any image that you plan on uploading onto your website. Meaning, the images are optimized before you upload them.This helps keep your website that little bit lighter as plugins can, of course, slow your site a little, but the upside with compression and performance plugins usually heavily outweighs any performance downside of course, and there is also speed of implementation to think of.So what is the best WordPress image optimizer plugin?Picking between these 15 WordPress image optimizer plugins can be difficult. They all work well, some give slightly better results, and a couple knock it out of the park.Users that want a state of the art plugin that gives them more control over the optimized images as well as having the images hosted on a private CDN should go with ShortPixel.If you want an all in one solution that just speeds up your entire site then WP Rocket is the best option for you. Regarding images specifically, it does not optimize them, rather it caches them and applies lazy load to ensure your website loads faster.The ultimate solution? Let WP Rocket take care of your site in general, and add ShortPixel into the mix for lightning-fast image optimization. Its what we do, and its what we recommend for our readers. Find out more about WP Rocket Find out more about ShortPixel How to keep your WordPress site from being hacked WordPress pages vs posts

The National Pension System ( Nps ) Essay - 1284 Words

The poverty rate amongst the elders in Korea’s especially aging population is very high, it has been a very high contributor to income inequality over the past few decades . As of OECD reports in 2011 have indicated 49 percent of the population above the age of 65 lived in relative poverty. The figure in Korea is extremely high compared to the OECD average which is 13 percent. The BOAP was introduced relatively late in 2008 which covers roughly about 70 percent of the population with the benefit of 97 thousand KRW which is 16 percent of the minimum cost of living in 2014. Although there is a relative generosity in covering a large number of population for the welfare program, the BOAP has not been able to prevent a significant rise of elderly poverty rate and the GINI coefficient since 2007 . In addition to the introduction of BOAP, there was an introduction to the National Pension System (NPS). In 2013, only 29% of the age group 65 and above have benefited from the pension system. The pension coverage was also very small with only 310 thousand KRW which is about $298 per month. Moreover, there is a wide gender gap in its recipients, with 40 percent of men receiving it compared to only 15 percent of women. The relatively low participants of the NPS scheme reflects its recent introduction in 1989 . In order to address the issues of dualism in the labor market, the government tried limiting the usage of non-regular workers but also at the same time endeavored toShow MoreRelatedThe Contemporary Role Of The Nurse Practitioner1628 Words   |  7 Pagescontemporary role of the nurse practitioner in the care of U.S. veterans within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) system. The VHA is is one of the largest employers of advanced practice providers (APPs) in the United States. Currently some role confusion exists between nurse practitioners (NPs), physician assistants (PAs) and physicians within the system. 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Why Do People Talk About Politics On The Internet

Why Do People Talk About Politics on the Internet: Craigslist’s Digital Forum’s My ethnography is focused on the digital community present in the Craigslist politics world forum, where people can create and comment on threads of topics and questions that interested them and other members. My main interest of this ethnography is why members and visitors of the Craigslist politics world forum specifically use this digital community to discuss the upcoming US presidential election when there are many different outlets for this discussion. By actively checking the updating forum and older threads, I hoped to get a better understanding for why the contributors discuss this topic in great lengths. My research questions are as follows, is there anything in peoples responses that indicates why this is their chosen community to discuss the election? What is it about this digital community that attracts such a large and active group of contributors? 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But, there won’t be any meaning for theRead MoreThe New Greatest Generation By Joel Steins985 Words   |  4 Pagesstatement has something to do with millennials being lazy because we would rather take the easy way out such as being the assistant than working towards being some bigger and better. Another example in his article would have to be how he mentions technology. I agree technology plays a major role of the millennials being lazy because it’s addicting, and it makes them feel as if they don’t have to do anything because everything is on the internet. Stein also talks about parents and how they’re moreRead MoreThe Debate About Information Freedom996 Words   |  4 PagesPros and cons of WikiLeak The debate about information freedom has become fiercely contested with the advent of WikiLeaks. Wikileaks is a non-profit organization which collects original resources and publishes on the website. It provides a secure platform for whistleblowers. 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Sigp Grant Proposal †Joel Alvarez-Rinconeño. 1.Taking

SIGP Grant Proposal — Joel Alvarez-Rinconeà ±o 1. Taking English classes first quarter and throughout high school has unearthed my deep-rooted passion and love for writing and reading. I am most excited for the opportunity to spread my knowledge and expertise to these young children about a language with such a powerful and complex history. Previously, I studied abroad in Santiago, Chile for two months. Participating in this abroad program reinforced and improved my adaptability in differing cultural and social environments. Given this experience, I have been inspired to continue traveling and exploring the world during college. Currently, I am on the track to declaring a major in sociology, a minor in English, and obtaining an integrated†¦show more content†¦I will work five days a week (possibly six) from 7:30 am to 4:00 pm teaching young children in a classroom. I will have to create basic teaching and adapt my curriculum based on my prospective students’ level of understanding. My students will have little to no exposure to English, therefore I must use my creativity and problem-solving skills to teach my students with limited teaching materials. I am confident that my experience will improve my ability to be resilient and adaptable in new cultural environments. Furthermore, I will become more articulate when communicating with others, even when there may be language barriers. I want to effectively spread my knowledge, while also being open and receptive to the knowledge that my students may share with me. Also, my current suburban/city lifestyle at Northwestern will be completely juxtaposed by the rural Thailand environment where I will live. This internship opportunity will challenge the current level of comfort that I experience on a day-to-day basis while living here in the United States. I will develop a newfound appreciation for the goods and services I tend to take for granted since I will experience limited access to water and electricity. Furthermore, I am convinced that I will look back at this pivotal time in my life and remember how powerful my international internship experience was in helping me appreciate the b eauty that lies in the diversity of world cultures. Realistically, the only way to

Corporate Law The Corporations Act 2001

Question: Advise what are the various legal issues and causes of action that are available to the shareholders arising from the directors conduct in the above circumstances. Students should answer this question with reference to the relevant provisions of the Corporations Act 2001 and the relevant case law. Answer: Introduction The business environment comprises of the different individuals, entities and concerns and as such different rules are enacted by the legal authorities so as to augment trade and commerce. The Corporations Act 2001 is one such law enacted for dealing with companies and entities operating within Australia at federal and interstate levels. The Corporation Act is one of the prime laws governing the formation of the companies and their subsequent operation. This law also depicts the duties of the directors, officers, takeover of the companies as well as method of raising finance.[1] The paper will discuss the provisions of this Act and its applicability with the stated case study. The legal recourses available to the shareholders in respect to the directors conduct will also be discussed in the paper. Discussion Australian corporate law has its roots from the company law of UK. The source of corporation law is from the Corporations Act, 2001 that acts as a single national statute implemented by Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). The company rules as found in Australia are quite strong and can be found in other Commonwealth countries. The directors have no personal liability as a general rule since the company and the Directors are separate entities. In spite of this, the Corporations Act has stated certain conditions under which the Directors can be held liable.[2] From the case study it can be understood that there is no clear chain of command and the majority shareholders and the directors are all acting in a manner that serves their purpose without showing concern to the other shareholders. The shareholders are the actual owners of the company and the Corporations Act spells out remedies for the distressed parties in case there is a breach of interest for the alleged parties. The Corporation Act contains scope where claim can be brought against the directors and they can be relieved of their duty if the company has suffered losses as a consequence of the directors actions or the directors have amassed personal profit or certain other conditions where the shareholders believe that there have been breaches or unlawful practices.[3] This provision has been listed under the clause of derivative action contained in Pt 2F.1A within the Corporations Act. Derivative action is described as an action brought on behalf of the company and in name of the company by a person other than the company itself. This usually means the shareholder. Derivative Claim gives more power to the shareholders and empowers them with the right to protect their rights. These rights are crucial and form a layer of protection for shareholders against poor management. Being owner of the shares provides certain rights for the shareholders and the Corporation Act contains certain m echanism for redressing the grievances.[4] A derivative action is often described as a twofold action that is brought on by a shareholder so as to redress any harm. Derivative action is also described as an action used for compelling the corporation to sue it. Crux of derivative action can be described to serve two purposes: First is against the directors and the second is established upon the right of belonging to an entity. Moreover the scope of derivative action is on allowing the shareholders to evaluate and rectify the blight on the corporation as a result of wrong management. In cases of wilful misconduct by the management it is unlikely that the management will rectify the mistake by itself and thus the derivative act seeks to address the anomalies.[5] From the case study given, it may be understood that the parties related to the dispute are James Lee and Jenny Lee (holding 60% of the shares) and the directors of MTL. It may be observed that the husband and the wife along with the directors are acting on their own wit hout taking into account the interests of the other parties. There is hardly any cohesion among the different stakeholders and the directors are inclined to act on their own without consulting the other shareholders. The aim of the Corporations Act is on making sure that the various parties within a company are fairly represented and their interests are honoured thorough sound implementation of fair policies. Volume 1 under Chapter 2F deals with the rights of the members and remedies in case of a breach.[6] The derivative action is listed under this Chapter that seeks to address any conflict in interest among the members and the directors with specific remedies in the form of derivative action. Sections 236 to 242 of the Corporations Act 2001 spell out the procedures for invoking derivative action. As such the members of the MTL Ltd including Martin Lu can bring a statutory derivative action. It has been observed that most of the derivative actions have been brought on by existing s hareholders. The Corporations Act comprises of 5 volumes that have chapters from 1 to 10. These chapters deal with different intricacies that are involved in the function of a company along with the rights and responsibilities of the different members, formation and functioning of companies, merger, acquisitions and fund raising.[7] Directors regulate organisations on behalf of the shareholders. The directors have a prime role in the smooth functioning of a company and it may be opined that they have a greater onus since directors are elected by the shareholders. Some of the most important responsibilities of the directors include promoting the long-term success of the company, to take steps in conjunction with the constitution and power of the company, to exercise independent decision making and to exercise reasonable care and skill. Thus it may be observed that the prime role of the directors of a company is on undertaking decisions that promotes the best interests of the company rather than th e interests of the majority of the shareholders.[8] From the case study it may be opined that the directors of MTL have acted in a manner that benefits their own interests and ignores the responsibility of the majority of the shareholders. Among other rights bestowed upon the shareholders of a company oversight is one of the prime responsibilities and rights of a shareholder. This means that the shareholders have a right to oversee correct management of a company. Moreover they have a duty to direct the organisational management and to account for the performance of the directors. It is also the responsibility of the shareholders to ask for clarifications and to raise questions and objections to the decisions of the management in case they feel such an act is not in the best interest of the company.[9] The four instances as has been mentioned in the case study can be evaluated so as to understand the highhandedness with which the majority shareholders and the directors are conductin g the affairs of the company. From decree of the courts in the cases involving derivative action it may be seen that the focus is on ascertaining whether a derivative action is in the best interests of the company. Moreover certain other enquiries are contemplated by the courts in matter relating to the breach of rights and responsibilities within the functioning of companies.[10] These considerations include understanding whether the claim of the applicants are speculative or not, what may be the possible ramification of such litigation on the business and performance of the company, what is the relationship that exists between the applicant and other members and directors of the company and so on. One of the prime considerations in cases involving derivative action is seeking alternative way of resolving the dispute. Overall aim of the judiciary is on making sure that the various stakeholders associated with a company receive fair treatment and the ruling benefits all and sundry associate with a company. Theref ore any action arising as a result of bringing granting leave is minutely considered. Section 237 (2) (c), as such, states that the applicant needs to be given leave in the best interests of the company.[11] In Australia the best interests of a company is linked with the best interest of the group of shareholders. At times it has been also observed that the courts appoint an independent person for investigating the matters relating to inner dispute of a company and report independently to the court. Business laws have been devised keeping in mind the growth of trade and commerce and therefore they seek to instil rules that are free from personal bias and prejudice. Moreover it is also ensured that no party is following a personal agenda that harms the best interests of all the shareholders.[12] Thus it may be stated that the case of MTL Ltd needs intervention from the court for ensuring that the different parties involved in the functioning of the company get their share of the due. The company laws strictly maintain that the directors need to avoid conflict of interest stringently. Under the Corporations Act 2001, ss 191-193 the directors need to provide full disclosure in case they have an interest in a transaction. Under schedule 3 of this act criminal penalty are enlisted in case there is any non-adherence. The act of the directors to sell off the television business of MTL is in stark contrast to this principle of duties of the directors. Conclusion The paper has shed light on one of the important legislations those dfine operations of the company in Australia- the Corporation Act, 2001. This act has been evaluated with special reference to MTL Ltd. Moreover the rights and responsibilities of the directors have been analysed and it was found that the directors in MTL are acting in a manner that serve their own interest without taking into account the interests if the shareholders. Corrective provisions have also been discussed i.e. the derivative action and its applicability to MTL Ld have been analysed. From the discussion it has been concluded that the directors have a prime duty of putting the interest of the company ahead of their own interest.[14] In context to MTL Ltd this prime duty is said to be missing. The paper ends with recourses that are available to the shareholders with particular emphasis on shareholder rights and duties of the directors. Bibliography Austin R.P. Ramsay, I., Ford's Principles of Corporations Law, Butterworths, Australia, 15th edition, 2012. Baxt, R., and Fletcher, K.L., Fridman, S., Corporations and Associations Cases and Materials on, Butterworths, Australia, 10th edition, 2008. Cassidy, J. Corporations Law Text and Essential Cases. Federation Press, 4th edition Sydney 2013 Ciro T, Symes C, Corporations Law in Principle LBC Thomson Reuters, Sydney, 9th edition 2013 Fisher S, Anderson C, Dickfos, Corporations Law - Butterworths Tutorial Series, 3rd Edition Butterworths, Sydney 2009 Hanrahan, P., Ramsay I., Stapledon G., Commercial Applications of Company Law. CCH 14th edition 2013 Harris, J. Butterworths Questions and Answers Corporations Law:, LexisNexis, 4th Edition Sydney 2013. Harris, J. Corporations Law, LexisNexis Study Guide 2014 Harris, J. Hargovan, A. Adams, M. Australian Corporate Law LexisNexis Butterworths 5th edition, 2015. Latimer, P, Australian Business Law CC, 2016 Edition. Li, G, Riley, S. Applied Corporate Law: A Bilingual Approach LexisNexis 1st Edition 2009. Parker, Clarke, Veljanovski, Posthouwer, Corporate Law, Palgrave 1st edition 2012 Redmond, P., Companies and Securities Law - Commentary and Materials, Law Book Co., Sydney, 5th, 2009. Vermeesch,R B, Lindgren, K E, Business Law of Australia Butterworths, 12th Edition, 2011. [1] Harris, J. Hargovan, A. Adams, M. Australian Corporate Law LexisNexis Butterworths 5th edition, 2015. [2] Austin R.P. Ramsay, I., Ford's Principles of Corporations Law, Butterworths, Australia, 15th edition, 2012. [3] Baxt, R., and Fletcher, K.L., Fridman, S., Corporations and Associations Cases and Materials on, Butterworths, Australia, 10th edition, 2008 [4] Parker, Clarke, Veljanovski, Posthouwer, Corporate Law, Palgrave 1st edition 2012 [5] Hanrahan, P., Ramsay I., Stapledon G., Commercial Applications of Company Law. CCH 14th edition 2013 [6] Redmond, P., Companies and Securities Law - Commentary and Materials, Law Book Co., Sydney, 5th, 2009 [7] Ciro T, Symes C, Corporations Law in Principle LBC Thomson Reuters, Sydney, 9th edition 2013 [8] Li, G, Riley, S. Applied Corporate Law: A Bilingual Approach LexisNexis 1st Edition 2009. [9] Cassidy, J. Corporations Law Text and Essential Cases. Federation Press, 4th edition Sydney 2013 [10] Harris, J. Corporations Law, LexisNexis Study Guide 2014 [11] Harris, J. Butterworths Questions and Answers Corporations Law:, LexisNexis, 4th Edition Sydney 2013 [12] Fisher S, Anderson C, Dickfos, Corporations Law - Butterworths Tutorial Series, 3rd Edition Butterworths, Sydney 2009 [13] Latimer, P, Australian Business Law CC, 2016 Edition. [14] Vermeesch,R B, Lindgren, K E, Business Law of Australia Butterworths, 12th Edition, 2011.

Egypts Economic Structure

Abstract This memo explores the economic structure of Egypt and its composition. It also highlights the major economic sectors and their contribution to the Gross Domestic Product. Over and above, the memo gives figures of the macro-economic indicators in the recent years. Finally, the memo touches on the composition of Egypt’s imports and its trading volumes with the United States.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Egypt’s Economic Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Egypt is a Muslim country found in the Horn of Africa. It is largely a semi-arid country though it is endowed with some very precious natural resources including oil and gold. Over the past few years, Egypt has been enjoying relatively stable economy with economic growth rate ranging between 4% and 5%. Despite the recent political upheavals, Egypt’s economic structure remained relatively unshaken. Due to the strong manufact uring and service sector coupled with good government policies, Egypt’s economy is among the best performing in Africa and the Middle East. Egypt is a mixed economy with both the private and public sectors playing significant roles in the development of the economy. Initially, agriculture constituted the largest sector in the economy of Egypt. Almost 90% of the country’s labor force was working in the agricultural sector until late 1960s. However, in the 1970s the significance of agricultural sector in the economy of Egypt decreased drastically despite efforts that were directed at reviving the sector. In the year 2010 agricultural sector contributed a mere 13.1% to the Gross domestic product (GDP) compared to 87% in the 1960s (Sriramesh Vercic, 2012). This has been attributed to the rapid expansion of the industrial sector, and the fact that less attention was paid to the sector by the government. It should be noted that though Egypt has fertile soils, it lacks enoug h rainfall which makes the agricultural sector highly dependent on irrigation. Water for irrigation is harnesses from the rivers that have their sources in different countries, mostly Eastern Africa Countries. On the same note, the soils are highly saline which limits the quantities of agricultural produce. Egypt has highly invested in irrigation majorly the production of cotton for a very long time now. In addition to cotton, Egypt also produces wheat, fruits, vegetables, rice, sugarcane and corn (Al-Din El-Din, 2008). The agricultural sector is highly regulated and the government ensures that water for irrigation is used effectively. In addition, the government has the role of ensuring that food crops are also incorporated in irrigation schemes. Similarly, due to reforms that have been instituted by the government, disparity between local and international prices has been reduced.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your fir st paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, the industrial sector plays a very crucial role in the modern Egypt. It should be noted that the industrial sector is very vital in Egypt and employs around 17% of the total workforce according to 2010 statistics (Sriramesh Vercic, 2012). To begin with, availability of oil has highly helped Egypt to build many industries which are employing a lot of people compared to the agricultural sector of the economy. Egypt manufactures automobiles which it exports to various countries both in Africa and the Arabic world. The sector has been growing steadily and has attracted foreign investors who partner with local firms thus increasing production. On the same note, Egypt is among the largest producers of chemicals and fertilizers in the Middle East (Ahmed, 2001). Chemical production can be traced back to the 1970s, and has continued to grow significantly since that time. Apart from the chemical and automobile manufacturing, Egypt has steel, electronic and domestic appliances industries, oil extraction and refinery factories as well as building and construction. The contribution of the industrial sector to the economy has also been increasing since the 1980s being 37% in 2010 (Sriramesh Vercic, 2012). On the other hand, the service sector has grown to be the highest contributor to the gross domestic product in recent years. Egypt has numerous tourism attraction sites which include the historical sites and good beaches that are well maintained earning the country a substantial income. On the same note, the banking sector has also advanced due to liberations that were instituted by the government which modernized the banking system. Communication and information technology are also well advanced. Averagely the service sector contributes more than 48% to the national economy and employs slightly more than half of the total work force (Farah, 2009). Egypt has a vibrant economy which is growing rapidly at around 5.3% per annum as per the statistics of 2011 (Sriramesh Vercic, 2012). Additionally, the country has a huge population which was 78.238 million in 2010 and is growing at a significant rate making the country’s market capacity continue to expand (Sriramesh Vercic, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Egypt’s Economic Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the country is struggling with high rates of unemployment which stood at 9.7% before the political uprising. However, this figure rose to around 11.9% due to the political instability that was caused by the uprising (Sriramesh Vercic, 2012). Like most countries, Egypt’s economy is operating on a current account deficit. In 2010 it had a revenue collection of $46.82 billion with a fiscal expenditure amounting to $64.19 billion yielding a budget deficit of $17.37 billion (Sriramesh Vercic, 2012). On the investments front, Eg ypt has one of the most dominant security markets in the North African region. In 2003 the Egyptian government increased its interest rates to counter the problem of foreign currency deficits. Unfortunately, private investment shrank warranting the introduction of a radical fiscal policy, and the government instituted pay cuts by nearly half. In order to increase the disposable income of people and spur investment, a new tax law was rolled out in 2005 reducing the tax rate on income from 40% to 20% (Farah, 2009). In a nutshell, Egypt has made amendments in its laws in a bid to comply with international standards of doing business. By and large, this has made Foreign Direct investments conducive in Egypt enabling multi-national companies tap into the ever growing market in North Africa. Egypt trades heavily with foreign countries, the United States being one of them. Foodstuff is one of the major imports of Egypt together with machinery, chemicals, wood products and fuels. Due to the fact that Egypt is a semi arid area coupled with the tendency of concentrating on cash crops by many irrigation schemes, a number of foodstuff are imported. Currently, the United States of America is the largest trading partner of Egypt. The largest quantity of wheat and corn imports into Egypt comes from the United States. On the same note, Egypt also exports petroleum products, cotton and textile among other goods to the US. In the year 2009, the United States purchased 7.95% of Egypt’s exports while 9.92% of Egypt’s imports came from the US (Al-Din El-Din, 2008). Besides other commodities, Egypt imports most of its agricultural commodities due to the limitations on the volume of agricultural production. In this regard, milk and dairy products are also imported given that the local industry cannot produce enough milk to satisfy the entire population. Given the rate at which population is increasing, Egypt will require even higher quantities of dairy products. Curre ntly, Egypt imports up to 900,000 tons of milk from different countries (Sriramesh Vercic, 2012). Arguably, despite the civil unrest that engulfed countries within the Middle East and its borders, Egypt is a country with fairly sound macro-economical policies that promote trade and investment.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, with surpluses that multi-national companies make, it has become increasingly important for firms to tap into foreign markets so as to increase their profit margins. In this regard, Egypt offers a very lucrative market for would be investors because it boasts good infrastructural support, an active service sector and a receptive consumer base. References Ahmed, A. U. (2001). The Egypt Food Subsidy System: Structure, Performance, and Options for Reform. Washington: International Food Policy Research Institution. Al-Din, H. K., El-Din, H. K. (2008). The Egyptian Economy: Current Challenges and Future Prospects. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. Farah, N. R. (2009). Egypt’s Political Economy: Power Relations in Development. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. Sriramesh, K., Vercic, D. (2012). The Global Public Relations Handbook, Revised Edition. New York: Taylor and Francis. This essay on Egypt’s Economic Structure was written and submitted by user Kareem Dunn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely

Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely In the early 1840’s, Frederick Douglass wrote an autobiography of his life as a slave. His abhorrence of slavery stemmed from two fronts. The first was the reprehensible treatment and dehumanization of the African-American slave. The second was the corrupting influence the power of slavery had upon the slaveholder. â€Å"But, alas! this kind heart [of his mistress] had but a short time to remain such. The fatal poison of irresponsible power was already in her hands, and soon commenced it’s infernal work† (2). In chapters 6-8, Douglass makes one particular point, among many, quite clear: unjust laws corrupt honorable souls and make criminals of law-abiding people. Douglass relates his experience of learning the alphabet from his mistress and the subsequent cessation of this study by his master. Due to his master’s explanation of why his mistress shouldn’t teach him, a slave, to read, Douglass realizes exactly where white society gets its power to enslave black society. That is â€Å"†¦education and slavery were incompatible†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3 & 6). Upon the heels of this revelation is a second: the pathway from slavery to freedom lies in learning to read (3). The basic injustice of keeping an entire race in mental ignorance for the soul purpose of exploiting them as a work force is one of Douglass’ main criticisms. Douglass conveys to his readers the drastic change that took place in his mistress due to the heady power of having absolute control over another person’s life. She changed from a kind, warm, hard-working soul to a tyrant under slavery’s tutelage (5). Douglass shows his readers just how she went from having â€Å"heavenly qualities† (6) to having the disposition of a tyrant by relating several years of his experiences. His mistress went from teaching him letters to furiously snatching a newspaper out of Douglass’ hand (6), from heavenly smiles to demonic fury (1 ... Free Essays on Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely Free Essays on Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely In the early 1840’s, Frederick Douglass wrote an autobiography of his life as a slave. His abhorrence of slavery stemmed from two fronts. The first was the reprehensible treatment and dehumanization of the African-American slave. The second was the corrupting influence the power of slavery had upon the slaveholder. â€Å"But, alas! this kind heart [of his mistress] had but a short time to remain such. The fatal poison of irresponsible power was already in her hands, and soon commenced it’s infernal work† (2). In chapters 6-8, Douglass makes one particular point, among many, quite clear: unjust laws corrupt honorable souls and make criminals of law-abiding people. Douglass relates his experience of learning the alphabet from his mistress and the subsequent cessation of this study by his master. Due to his master’s explanation of why his mistress shouldn’t teach him, a slave, to read, Douglass realizes exactly where white society gets its power to enslave black society. That is â€Å"†¦education and slavery were incompatible†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3 & 6). Upon the heels of this revelation is a second: the pathway from slavery to freedom lies in learning to read (3). The basic injustice of keeping an entire race in mental ignorance for the soul purpose of exploiting them as a work force is one of Douglass’ main criticisms. Douglass conveys to his readers the drastic change that took place in his mistress due to the heady power of having absolute control over another person’s life. She changed from a kind, warm, hard-working soul to a tyrant under slavery’s tutelage (5). Douglass shows his readers just how she went from having â€Å"heavenly qualities† (6) to having the disposition of a tyrant by relating several years of his experiences. His mistress went from teaching him letters to furiously snatching a newspaper out of Douglass’ hand (6), from heavenly smiles to demonic fury (1 ...

Support for teaching of science practices in school Research Paper

Support for teaching of science practices in school - Research Paper Example Support for teaching of science practices in school Decreasing populations and tax bases in rural areas reduce the fiscal resources available to the schools. One school district also faced enormous fiscal challenges when a tornado destroyed almost all buildings in the downtown area in 2003. In addition, high prices for gasoline and diesel fuel can devastate school district budgets where transporting students for long distances is the norm (DeYoung, 1991). Government- based support Currently, state finance of learning has attained erosion because of challenging economy. In response to the worsening world economy, state and learning policymakers have reacted to strict fiscal constraints by transforming a bigger share of the financial load from taxpayers to learner rather than by deep evaluation and decrease of costs and/or enhancing efficiency. As learning continues to develop and expand, several major elements of federal policies, regulations, and rules may need to be revisited in order to enable many to continue enrolling for distance education courses. Financing education is a broad and intricate issue. It is intricate in part of because of different basis of revenue, output, or products that are associated to these distinct sources of revenue. In addition, these expenditures and revenue pattern differ significantly by the kind of institution (four year college, university or two year college), means of governance (private or public), and the state. (Pearl & Singh, 1999). In the private sector, the pattern of pricing, price discounting and expenditure levels vary significantly according to the wealth of the institution, demographics, and the affluence of the family of the applicant pool. In the public domain, these patterns also differ according to tuition laws, enrolment limits, and state funding levels that are determined by the government or public education governing body or board. The issue of financing education is large because capital underlies the themes of quality and efficiency. In terms of efficienc y, there is need for cost effective association between revenues from taxpayers, parents and learner and products or outputs when measured in rates of graduation, student learning and enrolments (Hampel, 2010). Within the wide themes of higher finance underlies institutional and public policy questions that are creative or informed, if not tackled, by financial and economic perspectives. For instance, the familiar question regarding education finance concerns how much it can cost taxpayers and the relevant ratios of learners to administrative and professional staff at different types of institutions (Honderich, 1995). Learning is identified as the major driver of economic growth and as the main determinant of a person’s status and remuneration. Distance learning is essential in maintaining the growth of the economy in the rapidly increasing world economy. This is because it most high and well paying jobs and remuneration will depend on the level of education and in this case, a person with an advanced or higher degree is set to benefit more than a person with a college degree (Holmberg, 1995). Financing education in the twenty first century has a unique salience because of the 2008 financial crisis, which has caused serious economies to economies of countries in the world. However, in most countries, revenues remain strained. Since the current public universities and colleges

History of India and China Course Profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of India and China Course Profile - Essay Example This course has deepened my interest in history. I found the archaeology of China very interesting.   We followed China’s evolutionary trajectories from the last Paleolithic groups that gathered hunting to the dynasty of Bronze Age Shang in second millennium BC’s second half. We learned that the sociopolitical evolution of China was multicentric. Competition and factionalism played a huge role in shaping the sociopolitical evolution of China. We studied the history of the ancient temple, Angkor Wat. It was a very special time in many ways. Not only did it preserve the history in terms of being the largest religious monument of ancient times, but its architecture also suggests how it shifted from being a religious place primarily from Hindus through to the Buddhists. An interesting finding was that it was the largest city in the world till the start of the Industrial Revolution. We were also surprised to know that Mahendraparvata, a lost city, has also been identified in it. The archaeology of India was also very interesting. The Mughal palaces and architecture were very elegant and inspiring. India’s archaeology made me realize how long have people been practicing Hinduism and Buddhism. Other things I learned about included but were not limited to the 7 billion think piece and Surviving In Bangladesh Having taken this course, I have become more conscious with respect to environmental health and safety. I have decided to change my life in ways that are better for the environmental protection. One day, someone from my 9th or 10th generation will be studying our archaeology.

The Types Of Conflicts

The Types Of Conflicts Conflict and negotiation have been a serious matter for organization. As individuals have different thinking or way of doing things different from others, conflict may occur among them. So we will identify those types of conflict happening between individuals in the workplace. Then we will explain the different variety of organization conflict levels. After that we will explain Thomas-Kilmann Model used for conflict issues based on assertiveness and cooperativeness and then discuss the negotiation approaches used when parties are negotiating in something. Another part of the work will be taking about culture and then explain Scheins iceberg model of culture and Handy four dimensions of organizational culture. The last episode will explain about Kurt Lewins three steps of change theory. Introduction Conflict is a normal and natural part of our workplaces and lives. As people with diverse background come together in a working environment, differences in opinion, attitudes and beliefs. However conflict does not submit itself to a single and widely accepted definition, different peoples have given different definitions. Dougherty and Pfaltzgraff( 1971:139) defined the concept as: A Condition in which one identifiable group of human beings is engaged in conscious opposition to one or more other identifiable human groups because the groups are pursing what are or appear to be incompatible goals (Dougherty, 1971). Dougherty and Pfaltzgraffs definition clearly points to the fact that conflict arises out of interaction between and among people. Mc Shane and Olekalns also defined conflict as a process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party (Mc Shane Tony, 2010). Types of conflicts: Since all individual have different mindset, it is quite possible that there may be arguments or differences of opinion according certain issues. This take place most often in workplaces. Generally there are many types of conflict but the majority of them are found in places of work because most of our time is spend there. In our situation we will focus on just three types of conflict which is task conflict, relationship conflict and process conflict. Task conflict- task conflict are conflict that happen within a group or team, this type of conflict is focused around the task at hand. It arises when the group members have different viewpoints, opinions and ideas. Example: in a workplace, differences of opinion between the members of a project team on how to market a new product. Relationship conflict- Relationship conflict concerns interpersonal animosities and tensions among individuals themselves rather than the task, it occur because of the presence of strong negative emotions, poor communication or miscommunication. This type of conflict happens every day in our life it is difficult to avoid it. Example: Process conflict: Levels of Conflict: As we have seen, organization conflict can take place at a variety of levels. By far, conflict occurs at various social levels and may include intrapersonal, interpersonal, intergroup and interorganizational level of conflict. Intrapersonal Conflict occurs between the individual and may involve some form of goal, cognitive or affective conflict. Intrapersonal conflict is unique among the types of conflict, it is the sort of conflict that happens whenever an individual behave. This type of conflict is also known as psychic conflict. It occurs when an organizational is required to perform certain task and role that do not match his or her expertise, interests, goals and values. An example of interpersonal conflict is when an individual is attracted to two desirable goals but cannot pursue both. Interpersonal Conflict involves two or more individuals who believe that their attitudes, behavior or preferred goals are in opposition. This type of conflict between individ uals is a concern for managers because it happens all the time between individuals in the same or different department or even different organizations. An example is conflict that occurs between two different hierarchical levels or units members in the same organization such as superiors and subordinators. Intergroup Conflict refers conflict between groups of individual such as members of different teams, department or groups. The group may be very large such as notions or much smaller social group such engineers or the production managers in a manufactory facility. Interorganizational conflict involve disputes between two or more organizations as a result of interdependence on membership and divisional or system wide success. An example is the competition against two different businesses to one another. Conflict Mode: Thomas-Killmann Model. Conflict arise when people have different views on a subject, the Thomas-Killmann Model can be useful because it focuses on the individual style used most often in conflict issues, this conflict model is based on an access of assertiveness and cooperativeness. The elements of this model are followed: Avoiding, Accommodating, Competing, Compromising and Collaborating. Lets start by the first one Avoiding people using this type think that they evade the conflict entirely, this style is typified by delegating controversial decisions, accepting wrong decisions, and not wanting to hurt anyones feelings. However in many situations this is a weak and ineffective approach to take. The next one is Accommodating, this style indicates a willingness to meet the needs of others at the expense of the persons own needs. The person using this style often knows when to give in to others, but can be persuaded to surrender a position even when it is not warranted. This person is not assertive but is highly cooperative. Accommodation is appropriate when the issues matter more to the other party, when peace is more valuable than winning. After accommodating we tend to Competing, strongly assertive and not inclined to cooperation. This is a power oriented approach, competing is appropriate when quick decisive actions is needed or when an unpopular but necessary course must be followed. This style can be useful when there is an emergency and a decision needs to be make fast. Another style is Compromising, this an intermediate style in both assertiveness and cooperativeness, individuals who prefer a compromising style try to find solution of the problems that will at least partially satisfy everyone. Each person is expected to give up something and the compromiser also expects to abandon something. This approach lead leads to expedient and acceptable outcomes that fall short of ideal but which both parties are willing to accept. The last one is Co llaborating, this is where people try to work together like as they say two heads are better than one. Assertive and cooperative, this involves working with the other party to find a mutual agreeable solution. A collaborator will not be shy to express his or her views. This style is useful when you need to bring together a variety of viewpoints to get the best solution when the situation is too important for a simple trade-off. Below is how the diagram of Thomas-Kilmann model is presented based on assertiveness and cooperativeness. Negotiation Approaches: one distinctive type of conflict management is negotiation, where people engage in give and take discussions and consider various alternatives to reach a joint decision that is acceptable to both parties. Some conflicts require confrontation and negotiation between the parties. The strategy to negotiate requires skill on the part of the negotiator and careful planning before proceeding in negotiation. This process of negotiating involves an open discussion of problem solution. There are two (2) major negotiation approaches which are distributive and integrative. Distributive negotiation is considered the traditional model for handling negotiation. It is an approach in which the goals of one party are in direct conflict with the goals of the other party. In distributive negotiation each party attempts to get as much as they can. One side wants to win which means the other side must lose. With this win-lose approach, distributive negotiation is competitive and a dversarial rather than collaborative and does not lead to positive long term relationship. An example, when negotiating for a used car, if the buyer feels that he got a good deal for the car, he won. But if he walks away feeling that he paid too much for it, he lost. On the other hand, Integrative negotiation is based on a win-win theory, in that all parties want to come up with a creative solution that can benefit both sides. With integrative negotiation, conflicts are managed through cooperation and compromise, which leads trust and positive long term relationship between the parties. Ideally, no one should loose in an integrative negotiation because the parties will sit together to analyze the solution of the problem so that each party will benefit from it and build a strong relationship. Example a trade union negotiating with the employers asking an increase in 2.5% of wages every year with bonus on every Christmas or they would go for strike. The employers suggested 1.5% increa se in wages for every two years and 2 hours of work per day bonus will be given. Therefore, the suggestion is advantageous by both parties. Workers benefit good wages and bonus by only giving an extra two hours. The companys work process will be increased that can tend to an increase in sales and profit. So, with integrative negotiation, both parties won. Organizational Culture: According to Ross, culture is a Particular practices and values common to a population living in a given setting. Schein states that the manifestation of organizational culture occurs at three levels: Artifacts, Beliefs or Values and Attitudes and Basic Assumptions. This model provides a useful approach to analyze the cultural construct based on the degree to which the cultural phenomenon is visible to the observer. Artifacts are the most visible aspects of culture, including language, clothing, manners, food, etc. they represent the physical construct of the organization and its social environment. Organizational artifacts include visible phenomena such as: technology and products, language, rites and rituals, uniforms, myths, organizational stories, symbols and ceremonies. Artifacts are easily visible. The second level of Scheins Iceberg Model of culture Beliefs, Values and Attitudes are those values of cultural group which are not visible, but conscious to the members of the group. Schein argues that the artifacts that we can observe are manifestations of the values that constitute part of the organizational culture. The third is Basic Assumptions; these are invisible and unconscious beliefs, perceptions, thoughts and feelings shared by members of a common culture. These basic assumptions grow from the continuous use of a problem solution that has frequently been successful in the past. This is also a challenge for managers because it is quite a challenge to change something that you cannot see, but what is certain is that basic assumptions profoundly influence a persons actions. Below shows Scheins Iceberg Model of Culture. untitled.bmp Handys four dimension of organizational cultures: Cultures are classified into four major types, Handy described the four of them. Power culture: Handy illustrates the power culture as a spiders web, with the all-important spider sitting in the centre. Typically found in small organizations, everything turns around the main person, all decision taken is made by them and they preserve absolute authority in whatever situation. The success of power culture depends on the capabilities of the focal person. Organizations with this type of culture can respond quickly to events, but they are heavily dependent for their continued success on the abilities of the people at the centre; succession is a critical issue. Role culture: The role culture can be illustrated as a building supported by columns and beams: each column and beam has a specific role to playing keeping up the building. This type of culture is based on the existence of procedures and rule frameworks. The hierarchy and bureaucracy dominate this type of organization. Position is the main power source in the role culture as well as rules and procedures are the chief methods of influence. It finds it difficult to adapt to change; it is usually slow to perceive the need for it and to respond appropriately. Task Culture: Task culture is job-or project-oriented, and its accompanying structure can be best represented as a net. This type culture uses a small team approach, where people are highly skilled and specialized in their own area of expertise. Tendency to change to a role or power culture when resources are limited or when the whole organization is unsuccessful. The expertise within this type of organization is vested in the individual within it and it is them who must be organized in way that it meets the needs of the business. Person Culture: Person culture is an unusual culture in which individuals believe themselves superior to the organization. Clearly, not many organizations can exist with this sort of culture, or produce it, since organizations tend to have some form of corporate objective over and above the personal objectives of those who comprise them. Change Management: Change Theory: Kurt Lewin(1890-1947) wan an American social psychologist who contribute much to the understanding of group dynamics. His model state that changing an organization requires that we shake it out of its equilibrium, effect changes while it is unstable and then allow it to settle into the new, desired equilibriumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. He proposed a three stage theory of change commonly reffered to as unfreezing, change and refreezing. Kurt Lewins Model: Lewins model has influenced many later theory of change management. It describes the way in which many managers plan both strategic and operational change. The three levels are: unfreezing, change and refreezing. Unfreezing involve group discussions in which individuals experience others views and begin to adapt their own. Unfreezing means that destabilizing the present balance of forces that gives the organization or business its stability. He argued that this destabilizing process helps to overcome resistance to change. Change involves moving the unbalanced system in the desire direction. It has sometimes been applied more strictly than the intended. Refreezing is the final step of Lewins three step model, which refers of integrating the change into the organization and resuming the organization actions to regain its equilibrium. Conclusion Recommendation: Conflict happens everywhere. Conflict and negotiation are aspects of operating a business. Business owners face conflict with partners, managers, employees and the general public. Negotiation is often necessary to create an amicable solution for all parties involved in the conflict. Many small or home-based businesses avoid internal conflict and negotiation because owners are primarily responsible for completing business functions. However, external conflict and negotiation occur for most companies in the business environment.

Management and Organization Essay -- Business, Scientific Management T

Introduction The management and organizational approaches that are used by various firms play a critical role in their performance. The adopted management approach is important due to the fact that it determines the efficiency with which activities are performed. The organizational structure of the firm on the other hand determines the delegation and application of authority. The organizational structure is developed by the management. The structure facilitates effective interaction among employees and helps in directing resources towards achieving the goals of the organization. The behavior of employees is also influenced by the management and organizational approach (Mullins 3). Thus a firm will only be successful if it adopts the best management and organizational approach. This paper will focus on analyzing two management approaches namely, scientific and bureaucratic theories of management. Scientific Management Theory This theory focuses on the analysis and synthesis of workflows. Its main objective is to improve efficiency within an organization. In order to achieve this objective, the theory proposes that scientific principles should be used in designing processes and managing workers. This theory was developed by â€Å"Fredrick Taylor in the 1880s and 1890s within the manufacturing industry† (Cook and Hunsacker 34). The theory was highly influential in the 1910s as the best management style. However, by 1920s it began to lose its popularity as new management ideas and concepts emerged. The modern organizational approaches and management styles borrow the following concepts from the scientific approach. The concepts include â€Å"logic, efficiency, mass production, rationalization, work ethic and standardization of best practi... ...ty. Finally, the two approaches adopt a top-down system of making decisions. This means that commands or directives are given by the top officials while the junior employees are expected to obey. By contrasting the two approaches, the following differences can be identified. While the scientific approach focuses on improving labor productivity, the bureaucratic system puts more emphasis on administrative efficiency. The scientific approach encourages the introduction of incentive schemes in order to motivate workers. The bureaucratic approach on the other hand places emphasis on the rights of the workers in order to motivate the employees. Finally, the bureaucratic approach considers employment as a life-long career. The scientific approach on the other hand leads to job loses as â€Å"knowledge is transferred from workers to workers and from worker to tools† (Dean 29)

Throwaway Confidential Informants Essay

The article, â€Å"The Throwaways†, by Sarah Stillman, is an account of confidential informants being used as inexpensive and off the record pawns in the drug war. A confidential informant is a person who has been caught for a crime, usually illegal narcotics, and has been offered to have their slate wiped clean or their punishment reduced if they help bust a higher up criminal. The police treat these informants as if they are nothing else but a tool to catch the criminals at the top of the food chain. The police do not stop to think that the informants are often productive people in society, even if they decide to partake drug use. I have a close friend who was asked to be an informant after being busted with just a small amount of marijuana. I strongly advised against this for his safety, and my friend instead had to spend nearly four thousand dollars on a lawyer. It is unjust and immoral for police officers to use these people with no formal guarantee that their charges will be dropped, as well as putting them in extremely dangerous situations. â€Å"The Throwaways† is an article about four young confidential informants who had their lives cut short because they decided to cooperate with law enforcement and help bust drug dealers. Every single informant’s fate led 6 feet underground. Rachel Hoffman was a twenty-three year old girl who had plans to go to culinary school and open a new type of rehabilitation center. Rachel was found dead the next day fifty miles from where the cops were supposed to be tracking her every move. Lebron Gaither testified against a man in court and was then ordered to try and buy narcotics from the same man he had just testified against; he was tortured, shot with a handgun as well as a shotgun, ran over by a car, and then dragged by a chain into the woods. Shelly Hilliard was caught with a half ounce of pot, threatened with prison, and agreed to be an informant. Hilliard’s body was found on fire beneath a mattress on a service road. The last informant in the article, Jeremy Mclean, agreed to be an informant because he did not want to bring disgrace to his family name. The police continued to make Jeremy bust drug dealers until he helped lead to the arrest of a heroin trafficker. The officers said that the heroin trafficker, William Vance Reagan, Jr., was harmless and not to worry. Reagan shot Jeremy in the back of the neck 3 times and once in the face. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole (Stillman). Narcotics officers use informants  as a disposable tool to get to people, or places that they cannot get to alone. According to the article, over eighty percent of drug busts involve informants (Stillman 38). There are usually no contracts and the informants have to trust that the officers will keep their word. I think that this is insane and it endangers the lives of mostly young people who have their entire life ahead of them. At the time, the opportunity to be a confidential informant and having all of their charges dropped seems like a better option than time in jail or huge fines. It is too dangerous to bust a drug dealer. The word would get out that they got arrested, and the informant would be the number one suspect. I have a close friend who was smoking pot at a Wiz Khalifa concert in his car before going in, because he had been told that there were cops inside and that the security guards searched you before you went in. While smoking he saw two men walking up by his car, one a big strong white man and the other a smaller African American man. As they walked past his car, he took a sip of his drink because his throat burned slightly from the smoke. The two men saw him do this, pointed at his car and walked off. My friend felt that something was wrong because of the way they pointed at the car, so he got out to go into the concert. The next thing he knew, both of those men had chased him down and were interrogating him about what he had been drinking. He did not look stoned, because he had put in eye drops and said he wasn’t drinking anything but a coke. The men pulled out their badges and fifteen other cops circled around him. They reached in his pocket, took out his keys and unlawfully searched his car, because he had been seen drinking a coke. When they found marijuana in the car, they were surprised. They didn’t read him his Miranda rights nor have probable cause to search the car. The smaller African American man asked my friend to step aside and asked him if he knew where he could get an ounce or more of pot. He said yes and then he offered for him to be an informant, he gave him his number and said to call him J. The man said that this is how it would go down if he agreed; J would give my friend money and he would walk in and buy a gram of pot, walk out and give J the marijuana. Then a couple days later he would have to introduce J to the dealers and they would both buy some marijuana. Then J would attempt to get over an ounce of pot. After a couple weeks passed, the police would come to the dealer’s house and arrest him. My friend could have had his charges dropped completely. Although he could have  also ended up like Jeremy and perform more sting operations, or even worse dead. There are no contracts, it is completely based on the cop’s word and that is a huge problem. You never know what could set a person off and make them mad enough to kill you. For example; in a neighborhood near mine a drug dealer shot and killed four teenagers because they did not pay him for two grams of weed worth forty dollars. I think that using confidential informants at all should be outlawed due to the excessive risk in every situation, but I am very biased because of my friend. The current law regarding informants requires special training for the officers, t he informant’s age and emotional state to be considered, and for the level of risk to be taken into account. (Stillman 47) There are still no real guidelines, just certain things that the officers must consider. There either needs to be much more strict guidelines, such as the informant must be a legal adult, or the use of confidential informants should be made completely illegal. The tragic stories that are presented in this article should be enough for anyone with a conscience to know that the use of informants is wrong. The police use informants as a cheap way to bust dealers by scaring the people into cooperating. I have a personal experience in my life that impacts my opinion on the use of informants. My friend could have been killed while doing the law enforcement’s dirty work, because he decided to smoke a small amount of marijuana. The decision to become a confidential informant should not be one of the last decisions a person must make in his or her life. It should be completely illegal for trained police officers to endanger the lives of citizens by offering them to be an informant. I believe police officers should protect and serve, that means not aiding the deaths of ordinary people. Works Cited Stillman, Sarah. â€Å"Re: The Throwaways.† New Yorker. N.p., 17 Sept. 2012. Web. 27 Sept. 2012. . â€Å"Marijuana-arrests.com.† Marijuana-arrests.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2012.